INDEX TO DISCUSSIONS IN CYTOGENETICS

* n = reference to footnote.

le = reference to a legend in a figure.

Aase, 206, 210

Abegg, 268

aberrant crossing over, 88

aberrations: in insect control, 116; methods of locating breakpoints, 56-57, 68, 71; transmission in plants vs. animals, 15, 16-17; uses, 63-65, 109-116, 166-167, 248-250, 251-262

abnormal chromosome-10, 8, 10, 13-14

Abraxas, 271

acenaphthene, 270

acentric fragment: compensation for deficiency, 41

acetocarmine, 7

Acnida, 275, 276

activator dissociator, 30, 91, 92

Adams, 271

adaptation of inversion heterozygotes, 61

addition lines, 236

Adelberg, 271

adjacent segregation, 73-74, 76, 79, 186-187

Aegilops, 210, 211, 230, 236, 237

Aegilotriticum, 2(Y6

affinity, 1, 4

agamospermy, 297

Agapanthus, 10

Agropyrum, 206, 297

Aida, 283

Akerman, 266

Alchornea, 297

Alexander, D. E., 23, 182, 263

Alexander, M., 26, 95-56

Allan, 240

Allard, 258

Allen, 271, 272, 273, 277, 293

Allium, 18, 267, 295

allopolyploid, 168, 203, 204

allopolyploids: addition lines, 236, 259; aneuploid types from, 225-226; breeding, 224; changes after origin, 209-210; chromosome pairing types, 204; compensating effect between aneuploids, 209; "diploids" from, 207; evidence for homology, 206-209; genetic data, 205, 209, 220-226; haploids from, 206; heterosis, 218; identification of chromosomes, 237; identification of parents, 209-211; new characters from hybrids with diploids, 212-213; origin, 2G4-205; sterility of structural heterozygotes, 208; substitution lines, 244, 246-247, 259; synthetic, 203, 205, 210, 211, 224, 256-257; theoretical ratios, 215-218, 219, 223; transfer of in terchanged chromosomes, 247-248; trisomics, 236; uses of 256-260.

allosyndesis, 204

alpha, 191

Alpina, 54

Altenburg, 5, 88, 96, 115

alternate segregation: 73-74, 76, 85-86, 119120, 186-187; effect of excess on recombination, 76, 85-86; effect on sterility, 76, 86

Alyssum, 169

Amaranthus, 275-1276

amphimixis, 295

amphiploid (see allopolyploid also)

amphiploid, 204

amphiploids: chromosome loss, 205; homozygosity of, 203; modified ratio after doubling. 224

Anderson, Edgar, 91, 211

Anderson, E. G., 3, 12, 54, 66, 72, 85, 91, 93, 94, 109, 110, 112, 185, 201-202

Andrews, 275

androgenic: diploids, 180; haploids, 180, 184; monoploids, 184

Anemone, 203

aneuploid, 142; (see monosomics, trisomics)

Anilocza, 3

animals: polyploidy in, 179

anisogeny, 288

Antirrhinum (see snapdragon)

Aplocheilus, 283

apogamy, 297

apomicts: aneuploids in, 214; chromosome number in progeny, 298-299; crossing over in, 297; haploids from, 300; sexual reproduction in, 297; sources of variation in, 299-300

apomixis: 295; inheritance of 300-301; polyploidy and, 214-215; types of 295-296

apospory, 297

Aquilegia, 223

Arisaema, 292

Arum, 292

Ascaris, 9

asci, exceptional, 3; from interchange hetero zygotes, 74

Asclepiadaceae, 54

Asparagus, 276, 290, 292

Aspergillus, 6, 271

Aster, 212

asynapsis: genes for, 18, 145, 175, 176, 263; in structural heterozygotes, 36, 72

Atkinson, 261

attached-X, 4, 45

Atwood, 255, 265

Auerbach, 74, 94

Ausemus, 259

autopolyploid, 168

autopolyploids: characteristics, 169, 252-254; chemical change, 253-254; crossability, 255-256; diploids from, 207, 252, 261; fertility, 252-253; gametic ratios in terms of double reduction (a ), 191-192; genetic ratios, 184-196; genetic ratios, random bivalent pairing, 222-223; genetic ratios in first and second backcrosses, 190-191; genetic ratios in terms of a, 191-192; genetic segregation types, 185; kinds of heterozygotes, 197; linkage, 196197; methods of obtaining, 175; uses of, 252-254

autosyndesis, 204; formulas for measuring, 219-220; genes affecting, 220, 230

autotetraploid (see tetraploid)

autotriploids (see triploids)

Avena, 226, 234, 235

Avers, 212

Avery, A. G., 106, 139, 147, 148, 150-154~ 169, 174

Avery, B. T., 139

Avery, P., 160, 226

'B' chromosome, 10, 14; interchanges, 104-105

Babcock, 160

backcross ratios: polyptoids, 190-191

bacteria, 5, 271

bacteriophage, 271

Bahia grass, 300-301

balanced lethals, 118

Bane, 179, 268

Barber, 2, 42

bar eye: cytology, 22-23

Barigozzi, 9

barley, 7, 9, 18, 19, 32, 49, 53, 83, 91, 92, 93, 100, 145, 146, 163, 166, 265, 269: interchanges, 84; reduced recombination, 85-86; multiple interchanges, 130, trisomics, 158-159

Barr, 274

Bartlett, H. H-, 118, 127

Bartlett, M. S., 196

Barton, 10, 83, 93, 159, 163, 164, 166, 193

Basarman, 275

Bates, 267

Bateson, 287

Batra, 108

Bauer, 97

Bauman, 175, 176

Baur, 274

Beadle, 3, 4, 13, 18, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 58, 63, 91, 109, 145, 205, 219, 263, 287

Beard, B. H., 32, 218, 263

Beard, F. C., 31

Beasley, 18, 145, 182, 209, 211, 258, 263

Bedichek, 107

Belar, 6

Bell, 266, 269

Bellevalia, 7

Belling, 6, 7, 66, 70, 119, 139-146 passim, 148, 175, 179, 181, 193-194, 264

Bennett, 2

Beazer, 5

Berberis, 12

Bergner, 18, 83, 84, 98, 106, 206, 263

Bermuda grass, (Cynodon), 296

Bernstein, 291

Bhaduri, 136

Bibio, 8

Biffen, 225

big rings (see multiple interchanges)

Blackburn, 272

Blakeslee, 66, 67, 76, 83, 92, 96, 98, 99, 106, 107, 119, 127, 139-145, 147, 148-156 passim, 163, 165, 169-175passim, 179, 1181, 193, 195, 196, 251, 254, 257, 263-266 passim, 270, 277

Blickenstaff, 289

Bolton, 178, 261

Bombyx, 179, 265, 280

Bonellia, 292

Bonner, 271, 292

Borojevic, 107

Bose, 273

Bostian, 282

Bowden, 254

Boyes, 178, 254

Brassica, 168, 177-178, 255, 256

break points: designation of, 68; methods of locating, 56-57, 67-68, 108-109

Breider, 286

Bremer, 211, 258, 268

Bremer-Reinders, 268

Brewbaker, 255, 267

bridge - break - fusion cycle, 27, 42

bridges: cytological behavior, 38-42; in micro spore divisions, 42;

Bridges, C. B., 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 22, 24, 30, 49, 87, 98, 102, 142, 161, 185, 201-202, 271, 272, 279-280, 281, 283

Bridges (and Brehme), 11, 22, 24, 25, 26, 34n, 57, 58, 97, 161

Bridges, P. N., 10

Brierley, 270

Briggle, 240, 289

Brink, 2, 67, 70, 74, 91, 92, 103, 265

Brix, 178, 221-222

Broussonetia, 275

Brown, M. S., 13, 18, 81, 82, 83, 87, 107, 145

Brown, N. A., 266

Brown, S., 10

Brown, W., 9

Brown, W. V., 297, 299

Brunson, 112

Bryonia, 275

Bryum, 170

Buchholz, 148-150

buckwheat, 252

Burdette, 251

Burnham, 5, 9-, 18, 24, 30, 36 le, 52, 53, 54, 63, 66-75 passim, 77-80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 90, 91, 94, 103, 104, 107, 109-113 passim, 123, 127, 137, 145, 146, 156, 158, 163, 182, 185, 186-189, 219, 232, 239, 241, 243, 251, 263, 275, 288

Burton, 296, 299, 300

Buxton, 206

Caldecott, 93, 100, 208

Caldwell, 260

Callan, 3

Cameron, 209, 226

Campanula, 137; interdependent rings in, 101, 137

Campbell, 232, 240, 248

Camp, 292

canaries, 272

Cannabis (hemp), 276, 286

capsules: aneuploids, 139, 144

carcinomas, 264 Carica, (see papaya)

Carson, 48, 49, 59, 62

Carter, 88

Cartledge, 111, 112, 127, 263

Catcheside, 84, 98-99, 118, 128, 129, 132, 176, 180, 19 5, 299

cell lethals, 26

centimorgan, I centrifugation: polyploidy from, 265

centromere: determination of position, 85-86, 109, 192, 200; differences in activity, 138; diffuse, 9, 12; effect on crossing over, 13, 109, 202; meiotic behavior, 12; misdivision 12, 145; neo, 14, 33; non-disjunction, 12, 74, 77; position, 8; shift, 22

cereals, 269

certation, 122

chain-configurations: chromosome segregation, 80

Chandler,, 172, 255

Chang, 130

Chao, 64

Chapman, 145, 230, 259

characters, transfer of, 257-258, 260

Charles, 3

Chase, 179-180, 182-183, 184

Chelidonium, 137

chemical composition, 253-254

chemicals: chromosome changes induced by, 94

chiasma: formation, 6; frequency in rings, 132; position, 18; terminalization, 6

chimeras: chromosomal, 175, 254-255

Chipman, 206

Chironomus, 8

Chittenden, 288

Chlamydomonas, 293

chlorophyll variegation, 255

chromatid: dicentric, 27, 48; interference, 4; segregation, 185, 188; tie, 44, 47-49, 53

chromatids: unequal pairs, 37

chromatin body, 274

chromomere: crossover frequency in, 14; gradient, 10; pattern, 10, 11

chromosome: addition lines, 236; change in morphology, 68-69; doubling (methods), 263-270; fragment, 12; genes affecting pairing, 145, 230; genetic control of length, 18; length, 8; length in hybrids, 12; map, 11; morphology, 7-11, 128, 140; morphology and genetic facts, 11-15; mutations, 139, 142; substitution lines, 236, 246-249; transfer, 114

chromosome pairing: non-homologous, 17-18, 35, 36, 71-72, 85; secondary, 213-214, 250; starting points, 108; variability of, 71-72, 85, 86

chromosomes: behavior of broken ends, 42, 65; change in number, 107; configuration in rings, 126; from male only, 180, 184, heteromorphic pairs, 2; identification with linkage groups, 110, 162-163; replication of, 7; spreading in smears, 18; types of changes in structure, 20

chromosome segregation: ininterchanges, 73-76; in triploids, 172-113; method of analysis, 73-76, 81-83

Ciocco, 290

cis,trans gene arrangements, 5

cistron, 5

Citrus, 297

Clark, E., 5, 275

Clark, F. J., 18, 91, 93

Clarke, 72, 94, 289

classical theory of crossing over, 6

Clausen, 180, 186, 203, 209, 210, 226 227, 259, 260

Cleland, 83, 119-127 passim, 130, 131, 134136

Clement, 178, 206, 207, 261

Cleveland, 8

clover (Trifolium) 8, 264, 265, 267

Coccids: chromosomes, 9

Coe, 180

coincidence (see interference)

colchicine, 183, 265-270

colchicine: action on mitosis, 266-267; chimeras, 254; interchanges induced by, 84, 138; irregular meiosis, 262; methods of use, 268-270; mutagenic action, 261-262; on animals, 267, 268; on bulbs, 270; on grasses, 269; on woody plants, 269-270; sources, 266

Colchicum, 266, 270

Cole, 291

Collins, 180, 219-220

Collinsia, 84, 138

compensating effect: in allopolyploids, 238-239

compensating trisomics, 156

competition in pairing, 87

"complex" heterozygotes: chromosome identification, 129-130; origin of, 138

complex locus, 3, 5-6

constriction: primary, 8; secondary, 9, 13

Cooper, D. C., 2, 70, 74, 92, 103, 180, 264

Cooper, K. W., 11, 50

copy-choice, 3

corn (see maize)

Cornman, 267

Correns, 274-277 passim, 281-282, 289

Cortazar, 185, 186-188

CostaRodriques, 226, 235

cotton (see Gossypium)

Craft, 291 cranberry, 255

Crane, 224

Creighton, 2, 27

Crepis, 160, 179, 180, 181, 214, 297

Crew, 271, 290, 292

Crick, 5

crossability, 256

crossing over: aberrant, 88; abnormal-10, 13; agents affecting, 4-5; between sister chromatids, 4; causes of reduced, 34, 76; chromosome length, 13; cytological measure of frequency, 76-78; effiect of: alternate segregation, 76; centromere, 109; deficiencies, duplications, 30-32, 103; interchanges, 84-87; inversions, 52; knobs, 13; polyploidy, 201-202; variable pairing, 85, 86 four-strand, 3, 185; in male vs. female, 4-5, 54, 275; interchromosomal effects, 49-50; orientation of crossovers, 17; reductional separation at centromere, 3; theories 6-7; unequal, 22-23; X-Y, 283

Crouse, 116, 285

Culex, 2, 8

Cunha, 61

Curculionidae, 179

Currence, 290

Cystopteris, 264

cytokinesis, 15 le

cytological exchange, and genetic exchange, 2

cytological technique, 7

cytoplasm: differences, 206

cytotaxonomy, 59, 135-136

Dactylis, 178, 221

d'Angelo, 8

Darlington, 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 54, 77, 101, 116, 119, 137, 142, 145, 148 le, 204, 205, 206, 213, 214, 224, 225, 254, 258, 273, 285, 293, 295

Darrow, 251

Das, 53

Datura, 18, 30, 33, 66, 67, 76, 83-84, 92, 96 98, 127, 175, 179, 232, 263; types with extra chromatin material, 106-107; aneuploids, 139-153; gene markers, 165-166; triploids, 172-174; polysomics (genetic data) 193-196 passim; chromosomal chimeras, 254, 255

Davis, B. M., 118, 180

Davis, C. L., 291

Davis, R. L., 207, 221

deficiency, 27-30, 93, 105-106, 107;atbreakpoints, 98; compensation by fragment, 41; cytological tests, 25, 28, 29; effect on sex, 280, 281; from irradiation, 17, 25; genetic effects of, 26-30; genetic tests for, 28-30; locating genes by, 25, 26; phenotypic effects, 26, 30, 73; sources, 27; transmission, 16, 28; viable, 25

deficiency translocation, 93

deletion, 20

Demerec, 23, 26

Dempsey, 13, 52, 53 le, 92

Dempster, 290

Dermen, 169, 251, 253, 255, 266, 267, 268, 269-270

desynapsis, 18, 229

deVries, 117, 118, 120, 127

Dewey, 206

de Winton, 5, 197, 200-201, 275

Df Dp: effect on crossing over, 30-32; effect on genetic ratios, 102-103; tests for functioning, 52, 53, 83; uses, 57;

Dhillon, 84, 138

dicentric chromatids: orientation effect in biarmed vs. telocentric chromosomes, 48

dicentric, chromosome, cytological behavior, 17, 20, 48, 53

Dicranomyia, 2

differential segments: crossing over, 113, 132

diffuse centromere, 12

Digitalis, 206, 207

dioecious species, 273; breeding, 286, 290

dioecism: evolution of, 293; by planned use of genetic markers, 287

Dioscorea, 273

diploidization, 208

diploids: chromosomes from male only, 180

diplospory, 297

directed segregation, 76, 119, 120, 138

Dirks, 261, 262

DNA, 5

Doak, 150

Dobzhansky, 9, 32, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 81, 82, 83, 87, 90, 96, 98, 103, 280, 291

Doggett, 253

Doncaster, 271

Dorsey, 265

double bridge, 40, 41

double crossing over: types, 4

double crossovers, 2

double fertilization, 16

double monosomics, 232

double reduction, 164, 166, 185, 193-195; expressions for maximum, 187-189; genetic ratios in terms of a, 191-192; requirements 186; theoretical extremes, 186

double trisomics, 152-153

doubled chromosome number: methods, 263-270

dove, 8

Doyle, 252

Dozorceva, 282

Dp Df (see Df Dp)

Drosera, 169, 209

Drosophila, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 24, 25, 32, 34, 36, 49, 67, 96, 103, 118, 186, 263, 272, 274, 291; chromosome segregation, 81-83; c.o. in paracentric inversions, 42-48; c. o. in pericentric inversions, 55-56; deficiency, 26, 30; detection of translocations, 88-89; duplications 22-23, 251; interchange frequency in treated 17, 97; inversions in wild populations, 58-62; linkage in triploid, 201-202; non-disjunction and homology, 232; sex determination, 279-280; trisomics in, 161; viability of homozygous inversions, 58; viability of translocations, 97-98

Ds Ac effects, 99

Dunn, 6

duplicate factors, 23, 209, 218

duplications, 21-24; crossing over in, 22; evidence for, 22-23; genetic test for, 251; effect on sex expression, 280; effect on transmission, 17; from interchanges, 24, 73, 107; from inversion heterozygotes, 46, methods of producing, 47, 106-107, 263; origin, 21, 22; phenotypic effects, 22; purebreeding, 106-107; sources of, 23-24, 47; tandem, 27; uses of 32-33, 251-252; viability, 23; X-chromosome in Drosophila, 24

Durham, 272

Durrant, 176

durum, 259

Dustin, 265, 266, 268

Duvick, 112, 289

Eames, 293

East, 182, 193

Eaton, 291

Ecliallium, 276

Edwardson, 289

Eigsti, 265, 266, 268

Einset, 148, 157, 158, 172, 179, 226

El-Ghawas, 176, 178, 194

Ellerton, 137

Elliott, 251, 268

Ellis, 160-161, 277

Elodea, 272

"elongate" chromosomes, 19, 175-176

Emerson, R. A., 70, 91, 205, 218-219, 220, 277, 287

Emerson, S. H., 4, 101, 114, 118, 119, 120, 127-130, 132, 133, 134, 180

Emery, 297, 299

Emmerling, 14, 33

emmer wheats, 259, 269; aneuploids, 236

Einsweller, 18, 251, 268, 269-270

endomitosis, 8

endosperm: atypical growth, 99

Enns, 18

Ephestia, 282

Ephrussi, 26

Epilobium, 206

Epling, 59, 61, 62

equational segregation (see double reduction)

Eragrostis, 297

Eruca, 178, 252

Essad, 251

Euchlaena, 180

Euphorbia, 297

euploid, 142, 168

Everett, 287, 289

evolution: interchanges in, 93; inversions in, 59

exceptions: tetrad, 3

facultative apomixis, 295

Fagerlind, 7, 212, 295

Farnham, 139, 163, 193-194

Fatalizade, 270 fatuoids, 234-235

favorable genes: methods of locating, 64-65

Federley, 212

Feltz, 252

Fernald, 117

ferns, 264

fertility restorers, 288, 289

Festucoideae, 297

Fischer, 145, 177, 178, 252, 255

fish, 283; triploids, 179

Fisher, 1, 192, 196-197, 199-200, 211, 257

flax, 178, 254, 265, 287-288

Folsome, 5

Forbes, 300

Ford, 161, 281

Foster, 261

four-strand crossing over, 185

fowl, 264, 271, 290; chromosomes, 8, 10

Fragaria (strawberry), 184, 213, 253, 273, 276

fragment chromosomes, 12, 40-42, 63

Frandsen, 268

Frankel, 9

Franzke, 261, 262

Fraser, 49, 282

Freeman, 112

free martin, 292

Freese, 3

Fritillaria, 2, 214

Frizzi, 10

Frolik, 93

Frolova, 252

Frost, 18, 145, 160, 164, 297

Fuad, 53

Fyfe, 200, 251

Gabe, 27

Gabelman, 289

Gager, 54

Gaines, 206

Gairdner, 101, 137, 287

Galan, 276

Galston, 271, 292

Galtonia, 273

gametes: modes of formation, 197-199

gamete selection, 113-114

gametogenesis, 15-16

gametophyte: factors, 104, 122; male and female, 15, 16; screen in plants, 16

Garber, 9, 10, 80, 84, 138

Gasterosteus, 268

Gates, C. C., 196-197, 200

Gates, R. R., 118, 168

Gaul, 18

Gavauda-n, 270

Geiriager, 196

gene balance, 139-140, 170, 278-280

gene complex, 118

gene dosage: and dominance, 16; effect on phenotype, 170; methods of increasing, 107-108

genes: as complex units, 5; linear order, 34; methods of locating, 25, 26, 33, 63, 64-65, 110-111, 116, 132, 161, 164, 166, 192; order in different species, 34; order in inversions, 34

genetic analysis: interchanges for, 110-111, 116

genetic map length, 11-12

genetic markers: Datura, 165; Oenothera, 132-133; wheat, 240-241

genetic ratios: polyploids, 186-190, 191, 192, 215-218, 219

geographic races: interchanges in, 92-93

genome, 168; designation of, 211

Geranium, 288

Gerassimova, 160, 180

Gerrish, 180, 182, 183-184, 269

Gershenson, 44, 291

Gerstel, 260, 300

gigas: mutants, 129, 168; races, 170

Giles, 30

Gilles, 177, 252

gladiolus, 270

Glass, 81, 82, 97, 98

Godetia, 12, 107, 136

Goldschmidt, 271, 278-279, 280

Goodspeed, 160, 203, 206, 209, 226

Gopinath, 107, 108, 137, 263

Gordon, M., 272, 282

Gordon, W., 260

Gortner, 265

Gosselin, 270

Gossypium (cotton), 8, 18, 93, 145, 205, 209, 211. 257-258, 261, 263

Gottschalk, 10, 252, 262

Gottfried, 277

gout, 266

Gowen, 18, 263, 271, 274

Gramineae: apomixis in, 297, 299

grape, 253, 286

grasses. 253, 269, 270; vegetative increase, 29

Graubard, 3

Gray, 291

Green, G. J., 249

Green, M. M., 5, 51, 88

Greenleaf, 196, 210, 257, 264, 270

Greenshields, 178, 261

Gregoire, 9

Gregory, 193

Grell, 55 le, 56

Griffiths, 235

Grischko, 290

Gruneberg, 43

Gudjonsson, 214

Gunthardt, 92

Gusseva, 270

Gustafsson, 295, 297

Habrobracon, 282

Haga, 6

Hagberg, 73, 90, 108, 158, 166

Haggqvist, 179, 268

Hagen, 136

Hagiwara, 292

Hair, 297

Hakansson, 9, 12, 88, 107, 119, 136, 226

Haldane, 185, 196, 197, 200-201, 275

half-disjunction, 76

half-mutants, 127

Halophila, 54

Hammarlund, 88

Hammond, 124, 126

Hand, 254

Hanna, 276

Hanson, 77, 86, 89

haploid (also see monoploid): 168, 179; haploids: androgenic, 180; chromosomes from male only, 180; chromosome pairing, 23, 128, 129, 206-207; factors affecting frequency, 129, 180, 207; vs. diploids, types of structural change in, 20; interchanges from, 207; Oenothera, 129; sex expression in, 282; uses, 261

Hardas, 252

hardiness: in polyploids, 254

Harland, 258, 261

Harpstead, 261

Harte, 126, 132

Hayes, 112, 239, 259

Haynaldia, 211, 259

Hays, 290

Heilborn, 214

Heilbronn, 275

Heitz, 9

hemizygote: phenotype, 243-244

hemizygous, 24, 108

hemp (Cannabis), 273, 275, 276, 286, 290

hermaphroditic, 273, 278

Hertsch, 178, 252

Hertwig, 88

heterochromatin, 9, 11-12, 13, 14, 89, 96, 128; break frequency in, 96; effect on crossing over, 13; variegation from breaks in, 14

heterochromosomes, 273

hetero-fertilization, 171

heterogametic sex: methods of determining, 274-277; ratio from selfs, 276, 283

heteromorphic chromosome pairs, 32

heterosis: in interchange heterozygotes, 136; in inversion heterozygotes, 61

hexaploid, synthetic, 223

Heyne, 248

high non-disjuncuon: in interchange, 103-104

Hill, H. D., 267

Hill, H. E., 158, 162, 172

Hinton, 9, 110

Hiorth, 107, 136, 226

Hirayoshi, 289

Hoar, 137

Hofmann 132, 281

Hofmeyr; 270, 275, 285

Holland, 289

Hollander, 277

Hollingshead, 179, 181-182

Holmes, 260

Holubinsky, 289

homoeologous chromosomes: identification, 238; list in wheat, 237; reduced pairing, 19

homoeology, 203

Hoover, 23, 36, 58, 86, 98

Hordeum (see barley)

Hottinguer, 196

Hougas, 178, 206, 221, 261

Howard, 255

Hsu, 142

Hughes Schrader, 9, 12

Humphrey, 181, 220

Humulus, 272, 273, 289

Hurd, 240

Hurst, 212

Huskins, 3, 18, 203, 224, 226, 234, 251

Hutcheson, 83

Hutchinson, 209, 251, 257, 258, 259

hybrid: barley, 287; maize, 289; onions, 289; sorghum, 289

Hyde, 259

Hymenoptera, 282

Hypericum, 137, 297

hyperploidy: effect on transmission, 17

Holubinsky, 289

hornoeologous chromosomes: identification, 238; list in wheat, 237; reduced pairing, 19

homoeology, 203

Hoover, 23, 36, 58, 86, 98

Hordeum (see barley)

Hottinguer, 196

Hougas, 178, 206, 221, 261

Howard, 255

Hsu, 142

Hughes Schrader, 9, 12

Humphrey, 181, 220

Humulus, 272, 273, 289

Hurd, 240

Hurst, 212

Huskins, 3, 18, 203, 224, 226, 234, 251

Hutcheson, 83

Hutchinson, 209, 251, 257, 258, 259

hybrid: barley, 287; maize, 289; onions, 289; sorghum, 289

Hyde, 259

Hymenoptera, 282

Hypericum, 137, 297

hyperploidy: effect on transmission, 17

Ibrahim, 112

idiograms, 10

Imai, 275

Impatiens, 9

inbreeding: in tetraploids, 196

independence of linkage groups: tests for, 163

Inman, 101, 113-114, 115 le

insect, chromatin bodies, 274

insect control, chromosome aberrations in, 116

interchange, 20, 66: chain configuration, 68-69; hypothesis, 66-67, 119, 141; type with high non-disjunction, 103-104; Dp Df heterozygote, 102-103; alternate segregation (excess), 76;

interchanges: association tests, methods using selfs, 112; "B" chromosomes, 104-105; break in satellite, 68, 69; breaks in relation to chromosome length, 94-96; break positions, 94, 95; chiasma frequencies, 132; chromosome identification, 89-91; chromosome segregation types, 75-84; coincidence, 133; configuration frequencies, 68, 71-73; configurations in intercrosses, 68, 90, 107-109: crosses of type I-2a x 1-2b, 107-109, crossing over in differential segments, 132; differential segments, 127; designation of, 71; directed segregation, 83-84, 138; effect on crossing over, 85-87; from haploids, 23, 207, geographic races, 92-93; induced, 88-89, 9394, 96; intercrosses, 68, 107-108; interdependent rings, 101, 137; irregular segregation, 125; linkage tests, 70-71, 132-133; low sterility, 68, 83-84, 105; meiotic behavior, 67-69, 71-73; methods of detection, 88-89; methods, determination of break positions, 67-68, 108-109; methods, segregation frequency, 74-76, 81; orientations of ring at meiosis, 73-74, origin, 21, 23, 91; pachytene configurations 69, 71-72; pachytene behavior, 67-69, 71-72, 89-90; segregation types, frequencies, 77-80, 81-83, sex chromosome, 273, 285; sources, 23, 67, 91-93; sterility 72-73, 86; tester set, chromosome identillcation, 90-9 1; tester set, genetic analysis, 111; trisomics from, 68, 145, 146; uses, 109-116; use in biochemistry, 112; use in gametic selection, 113-114; use in gene transfers, 112, 113; use in genetic analysis, 110-111, 112; use in analysis of sex determination, 285; viability of homozygotes in Drosophila, 9798; viability of homozygotes in plants, 98

interchange trisomics: sterility, 154-156

interdependent rings, 101, 137; method of producing, 101

interference: across break point, 133; across centromere, 2-3, 13, 132-133; coincidence, standard error, cytological measure, 2-3; genetic measure, 2-3; in interchanges, 133; range, 2; types, 4 interlocked bivalents, 91, 138 interspecific crosses: direction of cross, 171 interstitial segment: effect of crossing over in, 76, 84; segregation following crossing over in, 80 introgression, 211

inversion, 20, 77

inversion heterozygotes: crossover products, 35, 36; cytological behavior, 35-42; cytological crossover frequency, 44-48; effect on recombination. 34, 42-43, 54-56; fertility, 42, 44-49, 56-, for two inversions, 45-47, 57, 61; position of new breaks, 97; pairing 35, 36

inversion homozygotes: viability, 58

inversions: break point determination, 56-57-1 chromatid tie, 44, 47-49; designation, 35, evolutionarv value, 59, 60-62; frequencies 57-58, 59, 97; genetic crossing over, 42-~5, 52-53, 54-56; heterosis, 61; in Drosophila '34, 42-43, 57-58. 59; in maize, 51-53, 5455; in other species, 53 in wild populations, 58-62; non-homologous pairing, 35, 36; paracentric, 35, 37-43, 51-54; pericentric 35, 377 54-58; types, 35; uses, 63-65; 77

isochromosomes: 12, 140, 145-146, 232

isosomics: breeding behavior, 233-234

Ives, 4

Jacobs, 161

Jacobsen, 273

Jacobs-Muller, 3

Janaki-Ammal, 9

Janezewski, 203

Janick, 160-161. 174, 273, 276, 277, 281, 286, 293

Janssens, 6

Jenkins, 112, 113, 246, 248

Jennings, 2

Jensen, H., 270

Jensen, H. W., 273

Johnson, B. L., 211

Johnson, F., 112

Johnstone, 255

Jones, D. F., 99, 287, 289

Jones, H. A., 18, 276, 289

Jorgenson, 179, 206, 264

Kadam, 176

Kafer, 271

Karpechenko, 211, 255

Kasha, 53

Kasparyan, 257, 263

Katayama, 206

Kaufmann, 5, 8, 9, 94, 96, 97, 274

Kausik, 54

Kawaguchi, 265

Kempton, 180

Kendall, 264

Kerr, 9, 258

Kihara, 168, 209, 211, 240, 253, 266, 272, 273, 280, 289

Kikudome, 13, 14

killer gene, 243

King, 290

Kisser, 270

Knapp, 281

Knight, 257, 258

knobs, 9-10: effect on crossing over, 13; in metabolic nucleus, 10

Knott, 243, 246, 249

Koller, 74

Koltzoff, 291

Komai, 49

Koo, 100

Kees, 181, 264

Kosambi, 1

Kosar, 268

Kosloff, 91, 180, 182, 206, 210, 254, 264, 265, 267, 270

Kramer, 77, 85, 86, 89, 91, 163

Krivshenko, 50

Krythe, 251, 268

Kuhn, 276, 293

Kurakami, 114

Kurzweil, 259

Kusamitu, 292

Kuspira, 228(n), 240, 241, 248, 249

La Cour, 53, 116, 137

Lamm, 77, 80, 86, 172

Lammerts, 180, 206, 212-213

Lamprecht, 23

Lapin, 254, 257

Larson, 240, 241, 246, 248

Larter, 18

La Rue, 118

Laughnan, 6, 23

Lawrence, 213

Lawton, 264

Lea, 96, 97

Lebistes, 282, 283

Lejeune, 161

Lennox, 274

Lesins, 207, 261

Lesley, J. W., 142, 159, 160, 170

Lesley, M. M., 9, 18, 145

lethals, 44, 120, 118

lettuce, 268

Leucopogon, 211

Leupold, 196

Levan, 9, 12, 266-270 passim

Levine, E. E., 49

Levine, M., 251, 264

Levine, R. P1 7, 49

Levitan, 49, 62

Lewis, D., 255, 293

Lewis, E. B., 5. 102 le

Lewitsky, 7, 10, 160

Li, 18, 54, 57, 145, 205, 229, 263

Liliaceae, 266

LiliumB. 172, 180, 270

Lilienfeld, 209, 211

Lilienstern, 292

Lima-de-Faria, 9, 10

Lindegren, C. C., 2, 3, 4

Lindegren, G., 2, 4

Linden, 112, 289

Lindenberg, 270

Lindstrom, 18, 220. 221, 264

linear order: of genes, 2; of products of meiosis, 17

linear quartets: microspores, 54

linkage: affinity, 4: association between linkage groups, 4; crossovers in recovered chromosomes, 3; facts, 1-7; genetic and cytological exchange, 2; Aspergillus, 271; interchanges, 70-71; inversion heterozygotes, 52; Oenothera, 132-134; with quantitative characters, 64; multiple-point data, 3, 133; physiological association, 1; tetrad analysis, 3; types of doubles, 4

linkage groups: number 1, 132

linkage map, 1: relation to chromosome length, 11-12; clustering of genes, 13; inversion heterozygote, 44; sex chromosome, 275

Linnert, 94, 270

Linum, 178

Little, 186, 188, 270

Livermore, 255

Livers, 241

Loegering, 240, 241, 243, 249

Loehwing, 271, 292

Loliiim, 18, 267

"long chromosomes", 18, 145

Longley, 9, 14, 33, 85, 93, 94, 95, 111, 114, 219-220

Longwell, 236

Lorz, 8

Love, A., 275

Love, R. M., 229

Lower, 61

low sterility, 83-84

Luong, 253, 269

Lush, 291

Lutkov, 265

Lutz, 118, 129, 168

Luzula, 9

Lychnis, 274-275, 289

Lycium, 264

Lycopersicon (see tomato)

Lymantria, 278-279

Lythrum, 199-200

MacDonald, 108, 240, 241

Mackel, 8

Mackensen, 26

Maeda, 80

Maheshwari, 15, 16, 295, 297

Mahonia, 12

maize, 2, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 23, 24, 33, 49, 67, 91, 92, 99-100, 146, 166, 175176, 177, 179, 182, 194, 201, 254, 263, 269, 288-289, 293: 'B' chromosome interchanges, 104-106; break frequencies in chromosomes, 94-95; deficiency mutations, 27-30; dioecious, 288-289; effect of Df-Dp on crossing over, 31-32; effect of interchanges on crossing over, 84-85; high nondisjunction interchange, 103-104; irtterchanges in 68-73; paracentric inversions, 36, 40-42, 51-53; pericentric inversions, 35, 54-55; triploid, 170-172; trisomics, 156-158

Makino. 271

male sterile: aberrant meiosis, 18

male sterility, cytoplasmic, 18, 287-289: conversion of inbreds, 184; fertility restoration, 112; genic, 18, 287; hybrid seed production, 287

Malheiros, 9

Mains (apple), 213, 253, 255, 270, 297

man 264: chromatin bodies in somatic cells, sex diagnosis, 274; sex-determination, 281; sex ratio, 290-291; trisomics in, 161

Mangelsdorf, 127, 289

Manley, 270

Mann, 112

Mansurova, 252

Marchal, 168, 263-264, 281

Marchantia, 266

Marigold, 253, 254

Marquardt, 84

Marryat, 272

Marshall, 53

Martin, 289

Martinez. 239

Masima, 178

mass mutation, 127

maternal homozygous diploids (origin), 183-184

Mather, 13, 14, 15, 20, 50. 185, 186, 188, 192, 204, 295

Matsumura, 229, 236, 237, 253

Matsuura, 3, 6

Matthiola, 18, 145, 160, 164

Matusima, 265

maximum equational segregation, 186-188

MacKey, 251

McClintock, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 le, 12, 13, 14, 17-18, 25, 27-30, 33, 35, 36, 38, 40-42, 51, 67, 75, 76, 77, 88, 92, 94, 99, 109, 156-157, 158, 162, 163, 166, 172, 226, 235

McClung, 271

McFadden. 211, 259

McGinnis, 226, 232, 235, 240, 248

McKay, 251

McKechnie, 266

McLennan, 18

McPhee, 276, 191

Mechelke, 270

Mecostethus, 18

Medicago, 8, 178, 206, 207, 221, 261

megaspore competition, 109, 122-123

megaspore: position of functional, 15 le

meiosis: genes affecting, 18; positions of chiasmata, 18

Mendel, 297

Melander, 179, 268

Melandrium, 272, 273, 276, 277, 281, 293

Mercurialis, 277

Merioptera, 18

metacline hybrids, 121-122

Metz, 8, 9, 33, 283, 284, 285

Meyer, 266

mice, 6, 281: detection of interchanges, 88-89; interchanges, 83

Michaelis, 206

Michie, 4

microspores: microspores, adherence in Vs, 272; first division bridge, 41; linear quartet, 54

Miller, D. D., 59

Miller, 0., 138

mint, 256, 257

Minutes: deficiency, 26

mistletoe, (Phoradendron) 273

mixoploidy, 267

modes of reproduction; analysis of, 298-299

Moffett, 213

Moh, 18

Mohamed, 112

monoecism: inheritance, 286

monciploid, 168

monoploid method: yield comparisons, 184

monoploids, 179-184: chromosome pairing, 182, description, 180; fertility, 184; factors affeeling frequency, 180; frequency, 180; homozygous diploids from, 182, 183-184; interchanges from, 182; meiosis, 181-182; meiotic behavior in diploids from, 181-182; methods of screening for, 182-183; mutants from, 181; origin, 179; sources, 179-180; uses, 184

monosomics, 226-229: asynapsis, 230; breeding behavior, 227, 231-232; genetic ratios, 229, 242, 243; identification as to genome, 227, 228; in diploids, 107, 136, 226; in emmer wheat, 236; meiotic behavior, 226-227, 230; methods of checking identity, 232, 245; methods of transfer, 244-245; phenotypes, 226, 230; pollen abortion, 227; ratios for duplicate factors, 229, sources, 226, 229; types of gene expression in, 242; use in breeding, 249-250; use in placing genes, 228-229, 239; X-rays in production of, 235

Montalenti, 3

Moore, 266

Morgan, D. T., 10, 51, 54, 55, 63, 64

Morgan, L. V., 24, 49, 161

Morgan, T. H., 4, 49, 118, 139, 272, 283, 292

Morris, 100

Morrison, 239

mosses: polyploidy, 168, 170

M-sterile, 103-104

mulberry (Morus), 275, 292

Muller, 3, 4, 14, 32, 34, 35, 67, 81, 82, 83, 89, 96, 107, 115, 118, 119, 185, 193

multiple alleles, 5-6

multiple interchanges, 93, 115, 116, 119, 130, 137: chromosome identification, 130; other than Oenothera, 136-137; pachytene configuration, 120; experimental production of, 113-115, 137

multiploid sporocytes, 19

multivalent pairing, 206: genes affecting, 145, 230-231, 252, 256; genetic evidence of, 221

Muntzing, 10, 14, 15, 91, 117, 139, 168, 203, 251, 252, 253, 257, 263

Murray, 201, 275-276

Musa, polyploid races, 169

mutation, 30, 117, 139, 184

muton, 6

Myers, 221, 222, 267, 268, 299

Nagao, 137

Navalikhina, 257

Nawaschin, M., 160, 214, 270

Nawaschin, S., 7, 9

Neatby, 244

Nebel, 251, 254, 256, 257, 265, 266

necktie configuration, 76

neocentromeres, 14, 33

Neurospora, 2, 3, 4, 12, 30, 74, 185

new characters: origin, 259

Newcombe, 3

Newcomer, 10

Newlin, 289

Newton, 205

Nicandra, 9

Nicotiana, 142, 160, 180, 183, 203, 206, 231, 257, 260, 265, 270: identification of parents of N. tabacum, 209-210; monosomics, 25-229; new characters from cross with 2n, 212-213

nightshade, 264

Nilan, R., 18

Nilsson, 104, 120, 178

Nilsson-Ehle, 209, 234

Nishimura, 114, 115

Nishiyama, 226

non-coorientation in ring, 73, 74

non-disjunction: W chromosomes, 105-106; equational, 185

non-homologous pairing, 18, 71-72

non-random segregation, 33

Nordenskiold, 221, 222-223

Novitski, 32, 48, 59, 63, 232, 290

nucleolus, diffuse in spores, 76

nucleolus organizer, 75-76: effect on crossing over? 13; in Drosophila, 274, in species crosses, 214; non-disjunction of, 76

nulli-haploids, 230

nullisomics, 231, 232, 233-235, 242, 243, 244, 246: behavior in compensation tests, 238; compensation by tetrasomics, 238-239; in diploid, 107, 136; phenotypes, 230, 234-236

Nyquist, 240

oats, 100: somatic segregation, 235; X-rays in producing monosomics, 235

Oberle, 286

Ocimum, 254, 257

Oehlkers, 94, 119, 120, 121, 125, 126, 132, 270

Oenothera, 9, 83, 84, 98, 101, 113-114, 160, 168, 178, 180, 255: ancestral chromosomes, 132; chromosome frequencies, 131; chromosome morphology, 9, 128; complexes, 129131, 133-134; crossing over, 120, 132-133; differential segments, 127-128; directed segregation, 84, 119, 120, 138; genes in complexes, 133-134; genetic markers, 120, 132-133; half-mutants, 127; haploids, 128, 129, 180; heterosis, 136; identification of chromosomes, 129-131; interdependent rings, 101, 137; induced interchanges, 84; irregular segregations, 125-126, 128-129; linkage, 132-134: meiotic configurations, 119, 125126, 128-129; metacline hybrids, 121-122; multiple factor inheritance, 114, 134; mutations, explanation, 120; polyploids, 129, 168; pollen abortion, 126-127; selfincompatibility, 123-124; South American races, 136; sterility in, 118, 126-127; taxonomy, 134-136; transmission of complexes, 121; trisomics, 128129; types of genetic behavior, 120-124

Oenothera method, 113-114

Okamoto, 19, 206, 207, 209, 230, 237, 238, 239, 241, 252, 256

Olbrycht, 3

Oliver, 5

Olmo, 226

O'Mara, 235, 236, 259, 260

onions (Allium), 289

Ono, 168, 272, 281

ontogeny, 254-255

Osmunda, 264

Owen, 288

pachytene, 67, 69, 71-72, 75, 79

Paeonia, 137

Painter, 7, 8, 9, 10, 67, 83, 291

pairing (see chromosome pairing)

Pale translocation, 26

Pangola grass (Digitaria), 296

Panicum, 297

Panshin, 26

papaya, (Carica), 273, 275: breeding, 286; genetics of sex, 285-286; gynomonoecious variety, 286

Papazian, 7

paracentric inversions: bridge frequencies, 51; genetic behavior, 51-54; sterility, 49, 51

parasexuality, 271

parasynapsis, 118

Parker, 259

Parsons, 196

Partanen, 264

Parthasarathy, 80, 252

Parthenium, 206, 207, 297, 298-299

parthenogenesis, 179, 295

Paspalum, 297, 300

Palau, 2, 161

patroclinous males, 44, 48

Patterson, E. B., 24, 110

Patterson, J. T., 22, 59, 60 le, 62, 107

Pavan, 60

peach, 255, 263

Pelargonium, 264

Pellew, 205, 288

Peloquin, 178, 206, 221

penetrance, 108

Penicillium, 266

Pennisetum, 299

Pergament, 207

pericentric, inversions: effect on fertility, 54, 56; genetic behavior, 54-56; types of, 56; use, 77

Person, 151, 232

Peterson, 248

Peto, 265

Petunia, 2, 3, 255

Philp, 18, 129, 185, 200, 204, 226

Phinney, 265

Phleum, 220, 221, 222-223

Phleum pratense: synthetic, 220

phylogeny of gene arrangements, 60

physiological association, I

Pi, 239

Pincus 267

Pipkin: 81, 82, 83, 87, 280

Pirson, 170

Pisum, 5, 80, 146, 263: duplication, 23; interchanges, 88, 98, 104; trisomics, 160

Piza, 9

Plantago, 169

plasmon, 206

Platypoecilis, 272, 283

Plessers, 239, 243

Plough, 4

Plunkett, 34

Poa, 214, 297

pollen abortion, 72-73, 125, 126, 127: "genes", 30, 33, 127; in interchanges, 72-73

pollen: behavior in trisomics, 148-150; competition in heterogametic sex, 276; dimorphic, 152; effect of deficiency, 25, 28, 72-73; effect of extra chromatin, 140, 148

polycentric chromosome, 9

polymeric genes, 23

polymorphism: chromosomal, 61, 62

polyploid drop, 205

polyploids: apomixis, 214-215; genetic data, 220-226; haploids from, 178-179; hardiness, 254; loss of gigas characters, 170; methods of obtaining, 263-270; mutation rates, 207-208; rate of approach to homozygosity, 196; sex determination, 170, 277, 281; similar to diploids, 169; temperature shocks, 264-265

polyploidy: animals, 179, 267-268; by cell regeneration, 263-264; chemical induction, 265-270; by chemicals, (not colchicine), 270; deleterious effect of, 169; effect on inbreeding, 196; effect on sex expression, 179; evidence for type of, 207; experimentally produced, 168-169, 264; frequency, 170; importance in evolution, 168, 169; ontogeny, 254-255; origin, 169, 170-171, 174-175; self-incompatibility, 255

Pomoideae, 213

Pontecorvo, 6, 271

Populus, 273

Portulaca, 169, 270

position effect, 23, 98-100, 212, 251; in Oenothera, 98-99

Poulson, 9, 291

Povolochko, 264

Powers, 229, 298, 300

Pratassenja, 169, 263

Preer, 134

preferential pairing, 156, 252

prime type, 92, 106

Primula, 5, 193, 200-201, 205, 257, 275

pro-chromosomes, 9

Prokofyeva, 107

Propach, 160

Prunus, 169

pseudoallelism, 5

pseudobivalents, 182

pseudodominance, 57, 102

pseudogamy, 297

pseudoisochromosomes, 100

pseudolinkage, 1, 361

Pteromalus, 282

Pygaera, 212

Pythium, 266

quadrivalents: theoretical frequencies, 176

Quadt, 178, 221, 222

quantitative characters, analysis by: interchanges, 110-111, 116; inversions, 64: segregation in Oenothera, 134

quasi-diploid, 142

Qumby, 289

rabbits, 291: triploids, 179

Raffel, 32

Rajan, 178, 252

Ramage, 85, 90, 91, 146, 148, 158, 164, 166

Randolph, 14, 18, 93, 109, 145, 169, 171, 176180 passim, 251, 252, 254, 255, 265

Ranunculus, 297

Rao, 54

Raphanobrassica, 211, 265

Raphanus (radish), 80, 255

rare crossovers: method for, 50

Rasmusson, 268

raspberries, 253

rat, 264, 290

Raynor, 271

recombination (see linkage)

recon, 5

Redfield, 3, 49, 50, 202, 291

Reitz, 259

Rekemeyer, 116

Rendel, 4

Renner, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 129, 132

Renner complex, 118; genetic constitution, 133134

Renner effect, 122

reproduction: analysis of modes of, 298-299

restitution nucleus, 175

Rhoades, M. M., 3, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 19, 23, 31-32, 33, 51, 52, 53 le, 54, 55, 63, 64, 92, 103, 127, 158, 163, 164, 166, 171, 175-176, 263, 275, 288, 289

Rhoades, V. H., 127, 171

Rhoeo, 137, 265

Ribes, 273

rice, 8, 80, 91, 253, 265, 269

Richardson, 21

Richey, 113, 288

Rick, 159, 163, 164, 166, 193, 276

Riddle, 291

Riede, 276

Riley, 19, 145, 211, 214, 230, Z41, 250, 252, 256, 259

Rimpau, 203

ring chromosomes: 21, 29-30, 32, 63, 167, 227

rings (see interchanges)

Ris, 12

Roberts, 100

Robertson, 6

Robbins, 276

Rodenhiser, 241, 249

Rogers, 289

Rollins, 298, 299

Roman, 14, 104-106

root nodules, 264

Rosenberg, 169

roses: meiotic behavior, 212

Ross, 178, 254, 261

Rubus, 214, 224

Rudiger, 254

Rudorf, 251

Rumex, 272, 273, 275, 281, 289

Russell, L. B., 281

Russell, W. A., 36 le, 51, 52

rust resistance: transfer, 260

Ruttle, 251, 254, 256, 257

rye (see Secale)

Rzaev, 257

Saboe, 112

Saccharomyces, 3

Saccharum, 211

Sacharov, 252

Sachs, 266

Saki, 137

salivary gland chromosomes, 7, 8: heterochromatin, 9; maps, 10

Salix, 273

Sandler, 232

Sansome, E. R., 76, 80, 98, 263

Sansome, F. W., 129, 185, 193, 200, 204, 220, 221, 263, 264, 277, 288

Santos, 272

Saprolegnia, 8

Sarkar, 211

Sarvella, 90

Sasaki, 80

satellites, 9, 13, 239

Salina, 146, 148, 172 174, 254

Sax, 91, 116, 137, 209, 265

Schaffner, 292

Scheu, 286

Schmidt, 93

Schmuck, 285

Schroder, 291

Schultz, 9, 14, 23, 49, 280

Schwanitz, 170

Schwartz, 5

Sciara, 8, 283-285; interchanges, 116, 285; inversion, 48

Scott, 169

Seaney, 180

Sears, 19, 20, 145, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 229-233passim, 236-244 passim, 247, 249, 250, 252, 256, 257, 260, 266, 269

Secale (rye) 9, 10, 14, 15, 91, 160, 236, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 260, 265

secondary pairing, 213-214; test for, 250

segmental allopolyploid, 168, 204

segregation: abnormal, 10, 14; chromatid vs. chromosome (tetraploids) 187-188; frequencies of types in rings, 75-83; preferential, 14, 156, 161; types in autopolyploids, 185; types in rings, 73-74

Seiler, 272

self-incompatibility, 123-124, 255

self-pollinating species: genetic analysis using interchanges, 112

Semeniuk, 229

semisterility, 66, 67, 119, 141

Sengbusch, 290

Sequoia, 270

Setaria (millet), 205

sex chromatin, 274

sex: inheritance of monoecism, 275-276, 285-286

sex chromosomes: animais, Z71-272; general description, 274; plants, 272-273

sex determination: analysis by deficiencies, 280, 281; analysis by duplications, 280; autosomal, 283; polyploids, 170; multiple alleles for, 282, 285-286; Sciara 283-285; theories, 278-282

sex diagnosis: biochemical, 292, 293; genetic markers, 277, 280; somatic cells (chromatin bodies), 274

sex expression, 271, 277-278: factors affecting, 292; selection for, 283; types in plants, 278

sex factors, 271

sex heterogamety: methods of analysis, 274-277

sex-limited inheritance, 282

sex-linkage: animals, 271-272, 280, 282; plants, 274-275

sex-linkoid inheritance, 282

"sex-ratio" gene, 291

sex ratios, 289-291: at birth, 290; factors affecting, 289-291

sex reversal, 292

Shapiro, 255

Sharp, 7, 118, 142, 295

Shchavinskaya, 264

Sheen, 240, 248, 249

Shen, 249

"shift", 225; univalent, 151, 232

Shmuck, 270

Shull, 132, 136, 274

Shult, 4

Sidorov, 44, 45

Silene, 277

silkworm; sex separation, 280; sex determination, 280

Simmonds, 137

Singh, 240, 241

Singleton, J. R., 74, 109

Singleton, R., 93, 127

Sinoto, 273, 276

sister strands: crossing over, 4

Sitopsis, 211

Sjoseth, 254

Skalinska, 223

Skovsted, 209

Slizynska, 10

Slizynski, 11, 88

Smilax, 273

Smith, F. H., 9

Smith, H. H., 257

Smith, L., 19, 83, 84, 93, 100, 102-103, 138, 180

Smith, S. G., 53, 274

Smith White, 211

snapdragon, 160, 253, 270

Sneep, 276

Snell, 83, 88

Snyder, L. A., 232, 238, 246, 247, 248, 297, 299

Sokolow, 8

Solanaceae, 9

Solanum, 172, 178, 179, 206, 207, 214, 221, 253, 255, 261

somatic crossing over, 271

somatic reduction, 261, 262

Sorensen, 214

Sorghum, 9, 10, 14-15, 80, 261, 289

Soriano, 84, 138

soybean (Glycine), 80, 218

Spartina, 224

species: origin by doubling, 203

species hybrids: abnormals in F2, 205, animals, 291; autosyndesis, frequency; 220; breeding potentials, 257-258; effect of cytoplasm, 206; fertility restoration, 205, 257; genetic ratios, 219; homozygosity, 203; meiotic behavior, 210, 221; new characters from, 212213; nucleolus organizers, 214; pairing, 205; ratios before and after doubling, 223-224; sterility, 205; transfer of chracters, 257-258; species relationships: methods of measurement, 211

speltoids, 234-235

Sphaerocarpos, 272

sphaerococcum, 244

Spillman, 271

Spinacia, 160-161, 174, 273, 276, 277, 286

spore quartets, 75-80

sporophytic budding, 297

Sprague, 64, 171

Stadler, L. J., 5, 24, 25, 26, 73, 88, 91, 93

Stalker, 59

Stanford, 178, 206, 207, 221, 261

Stebbins, 137, 168, 203, 204, 211, 214, 222, 251, 295, 296

Steinberg, 49

Steiner, 123-124

Steinitz-Sears, 20

Stephens, J. C., 289

Stephens, S. G., 3, 211

sterility: as affected by alternate segregation, 76; as related to life cycle, 16; effect on kernel weight, 64; interchanges, 66, 76, 83-84, 118, 126-127; inversions, 44, 49, 51, 54, 56; triploids, 174; trisomics, 156; upper limit of, 86

Stern, 2, 4, 67, 271

Stevens, 271

Stevenson, 174, 276, 277, 286, 293

Stewart, 259

Stino, 227

Stipa, 211

Stizolobium, 66, 70

stomata: sizes in polyploid series, 169

Stone, 22, 44, 59, 60 le, 107

Storey, 286

Stout, 255

Strasburger, 169

Sturtevant, 22, 23, 34, 42-47 passim, 51, 58, 59, 60, 63, 81, 82, 87, 98, 102, 118, 119, 120; 123, 125, 129-130, 132, 161, 263, 291

sugar beets, 252, 253, 268, 288

Sulbha, 178

Suneson, 287

Suomalainen, 179

supernumerary chromosomes, 8, 10, 14-15, 104-106

Sutton, 22, 146, 160

Sveshnikova, 259

Swaminathan, 178, 240, 241

Swamley, 86

Swarup, 179, 268

swine, 291: polyploid, 268

synapsis (see chromosome pairing)

Tabata, 108, 110

Tackholm, 212

Takagi, 160

Takaku, 49

Tan, 10

Taraxacum, 214

Tascher, 208

Taylor, D. K, 226, 235

Taylor, J. H., 5, 7

Taylor, W. R., 7

Tazima, 280

Teas, 112

telocentric chromosomes, 8, 12, 142, 160, 232

telosomic trisomics: breeding behavior, 233234; genetic ratios, 164; uses, 246-247

telosynapsis, 118

temperature shocks: polyploids from, 264-265

teosinte, 296: maize hybrid, 205, 218-219, 220

tertiary trisomics, 140, 141, 144, 154-156, 164: true breeding, 164

tetrad analysis, 3

tetraploids (see autopolyploids also): breeding behavior, 176; crossability, 255-256; crosses with diploids, 171; dihybrid ratios, 195-196; diploids from, 178, 207, 252, 261; double reduction in, 186-189; double reduction requirements, 186; fertility, 177-178, gamete formation modes of, 197-199; gametic genotypes, 196-197, 198-199; gametic ratio (expression for), 187; gametic ratios in terms of a, 192; gametic ratios (theoretical), 186188; gene balance effects, 170; gene position and dihybrid ratios, 195; genetic data, 193196; genetic ratios (theoretical in F2, backcross), 190-191; inbreeding in, 196; linkage (methods of measuring), 196-202; linkage data, 199-202; maternal diploids from, 178; meiotic behavior, 176; origin, 174-175; progeny with trisomic ratios 195; reversion to diploid, 178; sectors in diploids, 175, 254-255; self-incompatibility in, 177, 255; trisomics from, 145, 178; uses, 252-254; yields, 178

tetrasomics, 144, 145, 152

Thalictrum, 276

Thomas, 14, 18, 44, 235

Thompson, D. L., 184, 261

Thompson, R. C., 268

Thompson, W. P., 83, 171

Tice, 22

Tinney, 297

Tischler, 169, 289

Tityus, 9

Tjio, 73, 90, 91, 158, 161, 166

tomato (Lycopersicon), 9, 10, 83, 142, 159, 163, 166, 172, 178, 181, 193, 202, 220, 221, 262, 264

Torvik-Greb, 282

Tradescantia, 7, 8

translocation (also see interchange), 20, 67

translocations: progressive, 101-102, sex chromosome, 87, 96, 280; special types of, 100-106

Trifolium, 254, 255

Trillium, 3. 8

triploids: chromosome numbers in spores. 1731174; chromosome types in progeny, 174; fertility, 174; gametes, double reductional, 185; gametic ratios, 188-190; gametic ratios, expressions for, 189; genetic ratios (F2, 190-191; irregularities in female vs male, 173; lagging chromosomes, 173; linkage data, 201-202; meiosis, 171-173; non-random meiotic behavior, 172-173; origin, 170-171; sex of progeny, 279-280, 281; source, 171; uses, 253

Tripsacum 180

trisomic, 66

trisomics: breeding behavior, 150-153. 159160; compensating, 147, 156; from interchanges 68, 128-129, 146, 154; gametic ratios in terms of alpha, 192; genetic data, 161164, 193; backcross (1st, 2nd) ratios, 190, 191; germination, 174; identification with linkage groups, 163; interchange, 146, 154, 156; linkage, 202; meiotic configurations, 140-141, non-disjunction for other chromosomes; 151; phenotypes, 139, 143-144, 157, 158, 159; primary, 139, 143-144, 150-151, 156-160. pollen abortion, 149, 154-156; pollen behavior, 148; pollen transmission, 150. 158, 160; secondary, 145, 151-152; sources 68, 145-147, 158; sterility, 146, 158, 159; seed size and frequency, 148, 157-158; sex expression, 281; telosomic, 142, 153; tertiary, 146, 153-156; transmission, factors affecting, 140, 148, 157-158, 164; types of, 140-142: univalent frequency, 157; uses, 132, 166-167, viability, 148

trisomics in: barley, 158; Crepis, 160; dioecious species, 277; maize, 156-158; man, 161; Nicotiana, 160; Oenothera, 117, 128-129, 132; Pisum, 160; Spinacia, 161; tomato. 159; wheat, 236, 238-239

Triticale, 203, 257

Triticum, 18, 20, 83, 84, 98, 102-103, 104, 115, 145, 151, '168, 206, 207, 208-210, 225, 229-234, 236, 239, 252, 256-260, chromosome designations, 237; genome sources, 211; homoeologous chromosomes, 237-238; interchanges, 84, 238, 239; polysomics, 236-237; satellites, 239; varieties with monosomics, 248; varieties with substitution lines, 248

true-breeding heterozygotes, 118, 124

Tsuchiya, 158, 159, 163, 166

Tsunewaki, 240, 241

Tuleen, 86, 98, 114, 196

Tutipa, 8, 214

tumors. 266

Turcotte, 107, 108

Turesson, 266

Twamlev, 221

twin hybrids, 118

twin seedlings, 180, 263

Ullstrup, 104-106, 112

ultra-violet light: chromosome changes by, 93-94

univalent shift, 151, 232

univalents: "foldback" pairing, 17-18; meiotic behavior, 17-18, 148, 173, 211; non-homologous pairing, 17-18; non-random segregation, 211-212

Unrau, 228n, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247-248, 249

Upcott, 10, 172

Uvularia. 2

Vallisneria, 272, 273

Vanderlyn, 9

Van Elden, 270

variegation: relation to heterochromatin, 14

Vavilov, 259

vegetative reproduction, 295-296

velvet bean (Stizolobium), 66, 70

Vicia, 178, 252, 259

Vilkomerson, 8, 14

virus, 5, 271

Vitis, 273

von Borstel, 116

von Wettstein, 264

Waddington, 267

Wallace, B., 61, 62, 63, 291

Wallace, M., 4

Walters, 137, 182

Walther, 292

Walton, 9

Wangenheim, 207

Warnike, 8, 277, 281, 297, 299

watermelon, 253

Watson, 1. A., 259

Watson, J. D-, 5

Webber, 209, 297

Weinstein, 3, 7

Welch, 201

Wellensiek, 251, 268

Wellwood, 18

Welshons, 281

Wenrich, 6

Westergaard, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277, 281, 293

Wettstein, 170, 281

Wharton, 10, 59

wheat (see Triticum)

White, 18, 271, 272, 285

Whiting. 282

wild populations: inversions, 59

Williams, 80

Wilson, 271

Winge, 169, 203, 226, 234, 264, 272, 273, 275, 279, 283. 289

Winkler, 169, 264

Wipf, 264

Wisniewska, 9, 91, 128

Woodworth, 218

woody plants, colchicine treatment, 269

Wright, M. L., 196

Wright, S., 61

X-chromosome: inversions, 36, 43; morphology, 8, 9, 274; translocations, 87, 96

X-rays: complex rearrangements produced by, 58; in gene transfers, 250, 260; sectorial changes, 93

Y-chromosome: in sex-determination, 280-281: linked characters, 275, 282-283

Yagyu, 95

Yamashita, 83, 84, 98, 104, 115, 238, 251

Yarnell, 213

yeast: polyploid segregation, 196

Yerganian, 142

Zea (see maize)

Zeleny, 22

Zhebrak, 257, 266

Zimmering, 50